The Theory of Demand for Health Insurance
Author: John A A Nyman
Why do people buy health insurance? Conventional theory holds that people purchase insurance because they prefer the certainty of paying a small premium to the risk of getting sick and paying a large medical bill. Conventional theory also holds that any additional health care that consumers purchase because they have insurance is not worth the cost of producing it. Therefore, economists have promoted policies—copayments and managed care—to reduce consumption of this additional, seemingly low-value care.
This book presents a new theory of consumer demand for health insurance. It holds that people purchase insurance to obtain additional income when they become ill. In effect, insurance companies act to transfer insurance premiums from those who remain healthy to those who become ill. This additional income generates purchases of additional high-value care, often allowing sick persons to obtain life-saving care that they could not otherwise afford.
Regarding risk, the new theory relies on empirical studies showing that consumers actually prefer the risk of a large loss to incurring a smaller loss with certainty. Therefore, if consumers purchase insurance, it is not because they desire to avoid risk. Instead, the new theory suggests consumers simply pay a premium when healthy in exchange for a claim on additional income (effected when insurance pays for the medical care) if they become ill.
Health insurance is substantially more valuable to the consumer under the new theory. The new theory moreover implies that copayments and managed care—central health policies of the last 30 years—were directed at solving problems that largely didnot exist. Because these policies either reduced the amount of income transferred to ill persons or limited access to valuable health care, they may have done more harm than good. The new theory also provides a solid theoretical justification for insuring the uninsured and for implementing national health insurance.
Books about: Young Man and the Sea or Buttercup Bake Shop Cookbook
Managed Care Pharmacy Practice
Author: Robert P Navarro
Managed Care Pharmacy Practice explains the fundamentals of developing and operating a successful managed care pharmacy benefit, and also supplies insightful guidance on professional careers in the field.
Booknews
Walks through issues critical to development and operation of a managed care pharmacy program, showing how managed care has altered the delivery of pharmacy services and explaining the evolving role of pharmacists. Themes are fundamentals of managed care pharmacy benefit management, advanced pharmacy benefit management strategies, and pharmacy practice issues in managed care. For pharmacy students and practitioners who need to learn practical aspects of operating a managed care pharmacy program. The editor is a principal of NavarroPharma, LLC, and senior VP with MediMedia Managed Care. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Table of Contents:
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Fundamentals of Managed Care Pharmacy Benefit Management Judith A. Cahill, Part Editor 1
Chapter 1 The U.S. Health Care System and the Development of Managed Care Robert P. Navarro Navarro, Robert P. Judith A. Cahill Cahill, Judith A. 3
Introduction to U.S. Health Insurance Industry 4
Evolution of the Health Insurance Industry 6
Economic Basis for the Development of Managed Care 7
Early Development of Managed Care 8
HMO Act of 1973 11
Federal and State Growth in Managed Care: Medicare and Medicaid 13
MCOs: More than HMOs 14
Physician Reimbursement Mechanisms 19
Gatekeeper Physicians 22
Risk Sharing of Pharmacy Cost 22
Carve-Out and Ancillary Health Care Benefits 22
Quest for Quality 23
Impact of Managed Care on Physicians and Pharmacists 24
Member Involvement in Managed Care 26
Conclusion 27
Chapter 2 Pharmacy Benefit Management Principles and Practices Robert P. Navarro Navarro, Robert P. 29
Basis for Pharmacy Benefit Management 29
Principles of Pharmacy Benefit Management 32
Growth of PBMs 33
Pharmacy Benefit Management Program Components 36
Advanced Pharmacy Benefit Management Components 43
Measuring Pharmacy Benefit Management Program Performance 43
Conclusion 45
Chapter 3 Pharmacy Benefit Design, Contracting, and Marketing John D. Jones Jones, John D. 47
Business Basis for Pharmacy Benefit Management 47
Corporate and Government Impetus for Pharmacy Benefit Management 49
Legal Basis of Pharmacy Benefit Management 50
Benefit Design, State Requirements 52
Principles of Marketing Pharmacy Benefits 53
Payer and Patient Expectations and Decision Points55
Role of Members in Pharmacy Benefit Provider Selection 57
Pharmacy Performance Measurements Important in Marketing 59
Marketing Campaign Advertisement Examples 60
Marketing Process 60
Pharmacy Benefit Contracting Components 62
Pharmacy Benefit Management Contracting Trends 64
Risk Contracting 65
Overview of Impact of Medicare and Medicaid 65
Risk-Contracting Elements and Executions 68
Payer Expectations 70
Performance Measurement 72
Future Trends in Pharmacy Benefit Design and Contracting 73
Conclusion 76
Appendix 3-A 77
Appendix 3-B 83
Chapter 4 Pharmacy Distribution Systems and Network Management Lowell T. Sterler Sterler, Lowell T. Douglas Stephens Stephens, Douglas 89
Pharmacy Program Distribution Options 90
Community Pharmacy Provider Networks 90
Pharmacy Provider Network Development 92
Pharmacy Provider Network Contracting 93
Participating Pharmacy Provider Agreement 94
Participating Pharmacy Provider Manual 95
Participating Pharmacy Network Management Issues 95
Measuring Performance 97
Audits 98
Reports 100
Member Satisfaction 100
In-House Pharmacies 101
Mail Service Pharmacy 107
Developing an Integrated Distribution System 108
Pharmacist's Role 111
Impact of Managed Care on the Profession of Pharmacy 114
Conclusion 114
Appendix 4-A 116
Chapter 5 Pharmacy Data and Information Systems John H. Romaza Romaza, John H. Garth E. Black Black, Garth E. 125
Scope of Pharmacy Information Management 125
Pharmacy Information Management
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